ND filters are among those tools which became indispensable in today's digital technology. They offer the possibility to achieve otherwise unachievable results as they are the real sunglasses for your camera.
Typically, ND filters are used when shooting in bright light such as strong sunshine, snowy mountains or on white beaches. NDs filter the entire visible spectrum evenly, allowing light reduction - reduce the amount of light reaching the CCD, film or tape -, without altering the relative spectral distribution of the energy thus without influence on colour temperature, colour balance or contrast. For this reason, they are often referred to as neutral or grey filters.
ND filters allow:
A larger aperture and consequently a smaller depth of field which helps, for instance, separate(isolate) subjects from their background (which becomes blurred). The lens operates then in the range of its best optical perfomance, say around f/5.6 to f/8, rather than a very small opening where diffraction or other optical artifacts might become an issue.
A much slower shutter speed to be used at reasonable aperture, to record movement (create sense of motion) in subjects such as waterfalls, clouds, cars, seas…
A decrease of the effective ISO of high speed film (above ISO 400) to make it possible to be used outdoor in bright situations.
A proper use of cine and video cameras (which have fixed shutter speeds) to film subjects such as snow, sand or other bright scenes causing so oftenly overexposure issues.
A closer focus and larger depth of field in flash macro photography without overpowering the image.
Why Cokin square filters?
The ability to precisely place the transition (boundary) is why Pro photographers use square filters (rectangular, in fact). They won't accept to be totally locked with screw-in grad NDs when it comes to the composition of the shot. Horizon always in the middle of the frame, this is exactly what they want to avoid.
In addition, they value all other avantages of the COKIN Square Filter System :
Quick use (in and out easily and fast ; just slide in/out the filters).
One filter for all the lenses (big saving !).
Numerous possibilities to combine several filters.